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For more recent versions of Android, the Android Runtime (ART) is used. For earlier versions of Android, the bytecode was translated by the Dalvik virtual machine. Instead of the Java code being run in Java Virtual Machine (JVM) like desktop applications, in Android, the Java is compiled to the Dalvik Executable (DEX) bytecode format. For ease, for the rest of this workshop, when I refer to “Java”, you can assume that I mean “Java or Kotlin”. Kotlin is also supported and interoperable with Java. Most Android applications are written in Java. This can happen especially when malware authors want to try and “hide” additional code, native or Dalvik, by not including it in the default locations. Additional native libraries or DEX files may be included here.Any other files that may be needed by the app.Native libraries for the application, by default, live here! Under the lib/ directory, there are the cpu-specific directories.This is the Java (or Kotlin) code that the application will run by default. Dalvik bytecode for application in the DEX file format.zip and use unzip to open and see its contents.) Android applications are in the APK file format.This “Application Fundamentals” page in the Android developers’ docs is a great review. Here is a review of some of the important points. Great! You’ve built an app or learned basic Android app development principles. When you understand how a developer builds something, it makes it much easier to understand how to reverse engineer it. Pick any of the available tutorials and videos that spark your interest and get to building. If you’ve never built an Android application before, I suggest you start there. In the case of Android, you’re lucky because there are so many free resources available to build your first application. One of my biggest suggestions for folks looking to reverse engineer things, whatever they may be, is to try and build what you want to reverse. Android Application Fundamentals Build an App Reverse Engineering Android Apps - ObfuscationĢ.Reverse Engineering Android Apps - Native Libraries.Reverse Engineering Android Apps - DEX Bytecode.Getting Started with Reversing Android Apps.View the Project on GitHub maddiestone/AndroidAppRE Table of Contents Learn to reverse engineer Android applications!